Law Morality Essay - 2211 Words

Consider the view that there is a close relationship between law and morality. Examine the debate as to whether the law should reflect moral values, and discuss issues, which show the continuing importance of that debate. (30marks + 5 for AO3) A definition of law adapted from LB Curzon, Dictionary of Law states â€Å" the law is a set of rules which are binding among the people of a community or a state, so that they will be imposed upon and enforced among those persons by appropriate sanctions†. The definition of morals given by Elliott and Quinn, Law for AQA state that â€Å"morals are beliefs and values which are shared by society, or a section of society; they tell those who share them what is right or wrong†. There are many similarities†¦show more content†¦Prostitution is the act or practice of providing sexual services to another person in return for payment. In the United Kingdom, prostitution itself is not a crime, but soliciting in a public place, kerb crawling, owning or managing a brothel, pimping and pandering, are crimes. In England and Wales and in Northern Ireland it is an offence to pay for sex with a prostitute who has been â€Å"subjected to force† and this is a strict liability offence and clients can be prosecuted even if they didn’t know the prostitute was forced. It is illegal to buy sex from a person younger than 18, although the age of consent for non-commercial sex is 16. Section 53A of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 creates the offence of paying for sexual services of a prostitute subjected to force etc., which is a strict liability offence. This section was inserted on 1 April 2010 by section 14 of the Policing and Crime Act 2009. It is an offen ce for a person persistently to loiter or solicit in a street or public place for the purpose of prostitution. This offence is created by section 1(1) of the Street Offences Act 1959 as amended by section 16 of the Policing and Crime Act 2009. It prohibits street prostitution. The term prostitute is defined for the purposes of sections 48 to 50 and 52 and 53 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, and for the purposes of sectionShow MoreRelated Law And Morality Essay2110 Words   |  9 Pages Law and Morality It is not an everyday occurrence that someone must decide the fate of anothers life. The dilemma of making a decision that someone must die in order for the others to survive, can obviously be troubling. The process in which the termination of ones life may be easy to make, but to justify that decision is the most difficult one. This paper is given a situation in which a decision of taking ones life is essential. The situation is that a nuclear war has occurred, which has destroyedRead MoreMorality, Law, and Politics Essay2104 Words   |  9 PagesI can imagine a perfect world. 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Regardless of anyone’s desire to separate the two, it is impossible. All law is moral or, as the case may be, immoral. The real question of the law is what those morals are. Immanuel Kant seemed unable to define a universal moral, which he indeed tried to define. Kant defined it in three parts. These morals he used to explain the best regime and the duties of citizens with in that regime. Even though it seemed challenging for Kant toRead MoreDemocratic Morality and the Administrative Law Essay1995 Words   |  8 Pageson Democratic Morality and the Administrative Law and how these laws affect the organizations. Democratic Morality deals with the issue that large organizations will have more control or influence on the development of policy. The Administrative law is concern with the legal aspect of the organization and the fairness across the board. The author examines the administrative law of democratic morality between the periods of 1800s and 1900s, with emphasis on the how democratic morality was used to bringRead More Morality and Laws in The Trial and Death of Socrates Essay example1251 Words   |  6 PagesMorality and Laws in The Trial and Death of Socrates Upon reading Plato, The Trial and Death of Socrates, Socrates strongly held views on the relationship between morality and laws become apparent to the reader. Equally, Socrates makes clear why laws should be followed and why disobedience to the law is rarely justified. Finally, he makes clear his views regarding civil disobedience. Socrates’ view on morality is that anyone can do wrong. It is said that injuring someone in return for injuryRead MoreEssay on Gay Rights vs Morality, Ethics and Law1071 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿DOCTOR’S PRESCRIPTION By Santos T. 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Business Planning The Blueprint For Business - 1361 Words

Business planning is the blueprint for business, which provides direction toward success. Planning and writing a business plan is more than just choosing products and services to sell and selecting a business location. A well-thought plan is a fundamental requirement in the financing, marketing strategies and the growth of a new business. This serves as a roadmap of how the business venture will operate to reach target goals. Coming up with a sound business plan entails the following; gathering reliable information about the chosen industry, the market, the customers, the product services, and the competitors. A good plan includes thorough market research, industry analysis, product and service comparison, and competitor analysis. As William Sahlman puts it, the market is fickle as it is unpredictable. Therefore, the business plan should anticipate and confront the challenges ahead when it comes to manpower, context and opportunity. A business plan should talk about the end of the process in the new business venture. Then after it is written, it is ready for the goal of landing a deal. As a seasoned investor, deciding to invest in the Room for Dessert (RFD) can be first determined by a critical analysis of the presented business plan. This paper deals with the analysis of the RFD strengths and weaknesses in the given business plan proposal in terms of the following factors: people, opportunity, context, and risk and reward. RFD is a full service, fine diningShow MoreRelatedProject Management Pl Project Plan1113 Words   |  5 Pageschoose in section 4 above, develop a project plan and: The primary drive of applied ASAP roadmap is to implement the Get-Revved system. This can be achieved by six phases that proposed by SAP GE. The main six phases are Project Preparation, Business Blueprint, Realization, Final Preparation, Go-live, and Operate. However, each phase has it owns sub-tasks which enable each phase to successfully address the proposed of it. Therefrom, understanding each phase propose and its sub-activities is essentiallyRead MoreBlueprint, In General, The Name Itself Explains That The1193 Words   |  5 PagesBlueprint, in general, the name itself explains that the paper which will be in blue color containing white lines and those lines represent the designing process in an organization or may be designing for a house. This is explained clearly in paper-based format primarily so that it can be implemented later practically without any problems. Actually there are different places where blueprint can be used like business to draw a business plan to make a profitable business, constructions to draw a modelRead MoreDesigning A Relationshi p Between The Chefs And The Modern Patisserie Atom Essay887 Words   |  4 Pages Business Overview: My business is a molecular patisserie called ‘Molecule, The Modern Patisserie’. 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A job advertisement includes their name, pay, location, to whom the position reports. This is when the employee comes to the company and they will then ask for applicants, thisRead MoreEssay on Construction Project Management and Business Management925 Words   |  4 PagesConstruction Project Management and Business Management Over the past few years, the construction industry has been changing dramatically. One of the most important stages in the construction management and business management is the planning phase. They share similar two main levels of planning which are the strategic and operational planning. However, business management planning to decide in advance what should be done, and how to do it, when you do and you are done. On the other hand, Construction

Marketing of a Spa Clinique La Prairie †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing of a Spa Clinique La Prairie. Answer: The following sections delve into the various aspects of Clinique La Prairie, the Swiss spa known internationally for its high care spa and medical treatment. History: Professor Paul Niehans founded Clinique La Prairie, a graduate in science from the esteemed Zurich University around 1931 when he started treating people with fresh animal cells. The professor used cellular therapy on his clients to strengthen their immune system. The clientele of the professor included premium customers like political leaders, kings, actors and even Pope Pius XII. Armin Mattli, a Swiss entrepreneur acquired the spa and expanded it in the areas of medical research which re-enforced the spa treatment. The present chairperson of Clinique La Prairie is Mr Gregor Mattli, the son of Armin Mattli. Objectives: The objectives of Clinique La Prairie are to offer its clients a treatment that would cure the ailments of the clients. The spa strives to strengthen the physical wellbeing and mental satisfaction of its customers with treatments from internationally trained therapists. Achievements: Clinique La Prairie has achieved several awards and recognitions for its superior wellness services to its clients. The spa has won the Spafinder Wellness Travel Awards for the years 2014, 2015 and 2016 consecutively. Clinique La Prairie has won the World Spa and Wellness Awards 2014 and the Readers Travel Awards 2012 (laprairie.ch, 2017). Focus: The focus of Clinique La Prairie is to serve its clients with more advanced combination of medical science and spa. The spa aims to treat its customers to free them not only of their present illnesses but also strengthen their immune systems for their future wellbeing. Clinique La Prairie conducts customer relationshipmarketing using various methods. The first and the most effective method of attracting and building customer relationship is by giving a detailed description of its weekly services on its official website. The website contain complete details about the facilities the spa offers to its customers. Clinique La Prairie is also present on the social networking sites like Facebook and Instagram where it communicates with its customers to maintain healthy relationship with them (Godey et al., 2016). The spa is also advertises its services on international travel and fitness magazines like the Conde Nast Travller to acquire and build relationships with new customers (cntraveller.com, 2017) It also keeps its clients informed about its latest service offerings on international editorials like the Times newspaper. Acquisitions of customers and retaining them forms essential elements of business strategies of Clinique La Prairie. The spa maintains an elaborate official website, which is designed to attract its main customer segment, the upper class customers who have the money and enjoy exquisite spa treatments. The website contains complete information about the facilities the spa provides including receiving the customers at the airport to their accommodations. The customer retention strategies of the spa consist of offering luxurious spa and medical treatments to the clients. This allows the spa to achieve the elements of customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The spa then maintains steady communication with these customers on the social networking sites and print media like international newspapers and magazines (Ennew, Binks Chiplin, 2015). These elements of customer satisfaction and steady communication help Clinique La Prairie to acquire and retain upper class customers. References: Ennew, C. T., Binks, M. R., Chiplin, B. (2015). Customer satisfaction and customer retention: An examination of small businesses and their banks in the UK. In Proceedings of the 1994 Academy ofMarketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 188-192). Springer, Cham. Godey, B., Manthiou, A., Pederzoli, D., Rokka, J., Aiello, G., Donvito, R., Singh, R. (2016). Social media marketing efforts of luxury brands: Influence on brand equity and consumer behavior. Journal of business research, 69(12), 5833-5841. Philosophy. (2017). Clinique La Prairie. Retrieved 17 November 2017, from https://laprairie.ch/philosophy The Readers' Travel Awards. (2017). Traveller. Retrieved 17 November 2017, from https://www.cntraveller.com/awards/readers-travel-awards

The Life of Masaccio (Art History) Essay Example

The Life of Masaccio (Art History) Essay It was Masaccio, the youngest of all painters who were young before during and after him who, in his few youthful years, worked the miracle of awakening in painting, breathing life into it at last real and earthy, an urgency it had never had before. Libero de Liberi. Masaccio, originally named Tommaso Giovanni di Mone, was born in San Giovanni Valdarno, near Florence on December 21,1401 and died in Rome in 1428. He was thefirst great painter of the Italian Renaissance, whose innovations in the use of scientific perspective introduced the modern style in painting. Masaccio joined the Florentine painters guild in 1422.His remarkably individual style was unique and owed little to other painters, although Giotto influenced him along with the stronger influences of the architect Brunelleschi, and the sculptor Donatello, who were both his contemporaries in Florence. From Brunelleschi Masaccio acquired the knowledge of mathematical proportion that was necessary to his revival of the pri ncipals of scientific perspective which is evident in one of his most acclaimed frescoes The Trinity which is housed in the Santa Maria Novella in Florence. Masaccio painted The Trinity or The Holy Trinity as it is also known, around 1427 and it is the perfect example of how he mastered the art of mathematical proportion in relation to scientific perspective because of how the chamber stands behind the scene of Jesus being crucified. The chamber turns the background into a continuation of the real world because it looks so realistic. Masaccios use of scientific perspective is projected so accurately in terms of perspective principles[Hartt, F.Pg 206], that when it wasfirst done, Brunelleschi was held responsible for the actual painting which shows us what a powerful influence he had on Masaccio.Masaccios use of foreshortening on the rosettes on the ceiling, which were made to

Defining the American Dream Essay

Defining the American Dream Essay Defining the American Dream Essay Many Americans regardless of their color, race, or gender hold many dreams and goals. Some of these dreams can be reached; others unfortunately, might not be reached. Some Americans dream of becoming rich while others dream of getting rid of a disease. All of these dreams come from the heart and the ability to hope for great possibilities. The American Dream to me means being kind, decent, and respectful of others no matter what the cost. I am not talking about being a doormat either. It’s about supporting your neighbors and helping someone in need if you can. Helping someone can be as simple as having a conversation with a complete stranger and just asking them how they are today. This is only one of many ways to show you care about others. I do my best to live up to it, but invariably I fall short at times in the midst of parenting my three children to act appropriately in public. But life isn't about how many times you fail, it is about the successes! Thomas Edison exemplifies the behavior I am describing. He struggled many times and failed while trying to make the light bulb work over many years. When he finally had success with it, well the rest is history. He is not remembered as the guy who wasted years of his life failing at something; he is remembered as the man who invented the incandescent bulb. We s hould all hope to leave such a mark on humanity. I feel that the "American Dream" of yesterday is no longer the "American Dream" of today. According to my Grandmother, living the "American Dream" meant that if you worked hard you could and would live a successful life. This meant you could support yourself and your family and you also felt fulfilled on an individual level. Today, I feel that definition no longer applies. There are many people who work hard and still barely get by. They also may be so busy struggling to support their loved ones that they have no real time to focus on their own wants and needs. It seems to me that now the "American Dream" has become a rather materialistic one in which individuals seek to barely work, but possess many things. I blame it on consumerism and our new obsession with having things complete us. I do believe the American Dream is possible, just that people forgot that America was not built overnight. That same frame of thinking applies to the American Dream. For some it may take decades, for others, it may easily become true in a year, and yet we are all responsible for making it come true for every American citizen. For me it seems to be taking a decade! However, over that decade my personal American Dream has changed form. I remember being in High School and dreaming of meeting the man that I would marry and traveling the world with him. I would dream of visiting places where you’re afraid to eat the food but you do anyway and love it. As I grew older, my dreams began to mature. I did meet the man I would travel the world with. Today however, that dream has changed from traveling the world to owning a beautiful house, land, peaceful life, and to see my children grow into fine successful human beings whom make the best lives for themselves and their future children. Hard work actually means a lot of things like working smarter, better, safer and working much more productive each day. I do not feel that it’s all about hard work either, I believe it is about the effort and

How to Write Effective Letters to Congress

How to Write Effective Letters to Congress People who think members of the U.S. Congress pay little or no attention to constituent mail are just plain wrong. Concise, well thought out personal letters are one of the most effective ways Americans have of influencing the lawmakers they elect.   Members of Congress get hundreds of letters and emails every day, so you will want your letter stand out. Whether you choose to use the U.S. Postal Service or email, here are some tips that will help you write a letter to Congress that has an impact. Think Locally Its usually best to send letters to the representative from your local congressional district or the senators from your state. Your vote helps elect them- or not- and that fact alone carries a lot of weight. It also helps personalize your letter. Sending the same cookie-cutter message to every member of Congress may grab attention but rarely much consideration. Its also a good idea to think about the effectiveness of all of your communication options. For instance, a face-to-face meeting at an event, town hall, or the representatives local office can often leave the biggest impression. That is not always an option though. Your next best bet for expressing your opinion is a formal letter, then a phone call to their office. While email is convenient and quick, it may not have the same influence as the other, more traditional, routes. Finding Your Legislators Address There are a few ways that you can find the addresses of all of your representatives in Congress. The U.S. Senate is easy because each state has two Senators. Senate.gov has an easy to navigate directory of all current Senators. You will find links to their website, their email and phone number, as well as the address to their office in Washington D.C. The House of Representatives is a little trickier because you need to search for the person representing your particular district within the state. The easiest way to do so is to type in your zip code under Find Your Representative at House.gov. This will narrow down your options but you may need to refine it based on your physical address because zip codes and Congressional districts do not coincide. In both houses of Congress, the representatives official website will also have all the contact information you need. This includes the locations of their local offices. Keep Your Letter Simple Your letter will be more effective if you address a single topic or issue rather than a variety of issues you may feel passionate about. Typed, one-page letters are best. Many Political Action Committees (PACs)  recommend a three-paragraph letter structured like this: Say why you are writing and who you are. List your credentials and state that you are a constituent. It also doesnt hurt to mention if you voted for or donated to them. If you want a response, you must include your name and address, even when using email.Provide more detail. Be factual and not emotional. Provide specific rather than general information about how the topic affects you and others. If a certain bill is involved, cite the correct title or number whenever possible.Close by requesting the action you want to be taken. It might be a vote for or against a bill, a change in general policy, or some other action, but be specific. The best letters are courteous, to the point, and include specific supporting examples. Identifying Legislation Members of Congress have a lot of items on their agendas, so its best to be as specific as possible regarding your issue. When writing about a particular bill or piece of legislation, include the official number so they know exactly what youre referring to (it also helps your credibility). If you need help in finding the number of a bill, use the  Thomas Legislative Information System. Cite these  legislation  identifiers: House Bills:  H.R._____House Resolutions:  H.RES._____House Joint Resolutions:  H.J.RES._____Senate Bills:  S._____Senate Resolutions:  S.RES._____Senate Joint Resolutions:  S.J.RES._____ Addressing Members of Congress There is also a formal way to address members of Congress. Use these headers to begin your letter, filling in the appropriate name and addresses for your Congressperson. Also, its best to include the header in an email message. To Your Senator: The Honorable (full name)(room #) (name) Senate Office BuildingUnited States SenateWashington, DC 20510Dear Senator (last name): To Your Representative: The Honorable (full name)(room #) (name) House Office BuildingUnited States House of RepresentativesWashington, DC 20515Dear Representative (last name): Contact the U.S. Supreme Court The Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court do not have email addresses, but they do read letters from citizens. You can mail letters using the address found on the SupremeCourt.gov website. Key Things to Remember Here are some key things you should always and never do when writing to your elected representatives. Be courteous and respectful without gushing.Clearly and simply state the purpose of your letter. If its about a certain bill, identify it correctly.  Say who you are. Anonymous letters go nowhere. Even in email, include your correct name, address, phone number and email address. If you dont include at least your name and address, you will not get a response.State any professional credentials or personal experience you may have, especially those pertaining to the subject of your letter.Keep your letter short- one page is best.Use specific examples or evidence to support your position.State what it is you want to be done or recommend a course of action.Thank the member for taking the time to read your letter. What Not to Do Just because they represent the voters does not mean that members of Congress are subject to abuse or belittlement. As impassioned as you may be about an issue, your letter will be more effective if its written from a calm, logical perspective. If youre angry about something, write your letter then edit the next day to ensure youre conveying a courteous, professional tone. Also, make sure to avoid these pitfalls. Do not use vulgarity, profanity, or threats. The first two are just plain rude and the third one can get you a visit from the Secret Service. Simply stated, dont let your passion get in the way of making your point. Do not fail to include your name and address, even in email letters. Many representatives prioritize comments from their constituents and a letter in the mail may be the only way you receive a response. Do not demand a response. You may not get one no matter what and a demand is simply another rude gesture that does little for your case. Do not use boilerplate text. Many grassroots organizations will send out a prepared text to people interested in their issue, but try not to simply copy and paste this into your letter. Use it as a guide to help you make the point and write the letter in your own words with your personal perspective. Getting thousands of letters that say the exact same thing can diminish the impact.

Company Background Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Company Background - Case Study Example ar 2002, the company experienced a breakthrough when it handled about 1.1 trillion Yuan, which is about $170 billion in sales (Du, Jian, et al, 2034). The majorly operates in the people’s republic of China. During its initial public offering (IPO), the company was valued at US$231 billion. After Hong Kong regulators deal with Alibaba could not be reached, the company sought an initial public offering in the US. Planning of the IPO was done for over twelve months before September 2014. The initial IPO pricing raised about US$21. 8 billion, which later added to about 25 USD. Since china forbids foreign ownerships, people were not able to purchase actual shares in the groups, but those of the Caymans island shell corporation. Alibaba has various companies and affiliate entities responsible for its exponential growth. To begin with, is Alibaba.com; is the mother company of Alibaba and forms the largest business to business online trading in the world of small-scale business. The Alibaba.com has three main services that include the English portal of the company that takes care of sales between exporters and importers from about 240 regions and countries in the world. Besides, the company has a chines portal 1688.com that was created specifically for the local business-to-business sales in China. Furthermore, the company Alibaba.com provides its users with a transaction base retail site called AlieExpress to allow people buy goods in small scale using the wholesale prices. In the Hong Kong stock exchange, the Alibaba.com went public in 2007 only to be delisted five years later. A year after in 2013, the aliaba.com sets up ad launched a direct channel that is in charge of over $30 million worth of transactio ns daily (Oberholzer-Gee, Felix, and Julie, 23). Taobao provides the largest consumer-to-consumer online shopping platform in China. It was created in the year 2003 providing numerous retail products. Taobao market place was the second most visited site by the end

Volunteering in community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Volunteering in community - Essay Example I could meet the challenges of this volunteer activitiy and learn a great deal about myself, my calling in the medical field, patient care, and how Hamad General has evolved to become the leading medical institution in Qatar. Stepping into the halls of Hamad General on that first day gripped me with a sense of awe and wonder at the state of the art facility. At par, if not far advanced, of its western counterparts, I knew that the challenging world I had chosen to become a part of was not just going to challenge me as a person, but help me to become a better version of myself. I knew that this was the place I had to be. I was in the right place, at the right time. Hamad General Hospital is one of the health care facilities that resulted from the Emiri decree issued in 1979. The 603 bed facility has certainly come a long way from its humble beginnings are a general hospital. These days, the facility has evolved into offering both general and complex medical assistance covering the areas of trauma, emergency medicine, pediatrics, critical care, specialized surgery, specialized medicine, laboratory medicine, and radiology services. The hospital is certainly expanding its services and access to the most modern health diagnostic tools in response to the ever growing population of the city. Most notable of its objectives at the moment is the development of a Diabetes Center in order to address the large diabetic population of Qatar. I spent my time as a volunteer at the hospital acclimatizing and familiarizing myself with the various trauma departments and patients. I have a certain specific interest in this field of medical science and my exposure to that area of the hospital was quite beneficial towards increasing my knowledge in trauma care. It was in this department where I learned that being a volunteer is not as simple as it sounds. With the main purpose of the trauma department being to help patients become productive members of society again, I found that

Collaboration and Innovation at Procter & Gamble Essay Example for Free

Collaboration and Innovation at Procter Gamble Essay After I reading this article, I come up some different ideas to my own business. In the lab assignment, I mentioned that I would like to create a cosmetics company. After I read this article, I come up some new ideas. This article is about PG. By the developing of the globalization, people in everywhere can see the products which are produced by PG. So, PG is the leader in this field. There are many brands are owned by their company, for example, Pampers, Tide, Bounty, Folgers, Pringles and so on. Most of them are very famous around the whole world. PG not just produce beauty care but also other different field. Pringles is a brand that sells chips and it is owned by PG. I did not know it before I read this article actually. It is a very famous example of expanding. PG has a very good business strategy. There are five steps to come up a strategy, every stage is important. It is very hard to come up a successful strategy, so we can learn from PG’s successful one. Their business strategy include maintain their original consumers, extend new products and create new brands in other fields. PG very focus on innovation. They spend spends 3.4 percent of revenue on innovation. The weakness of my business is the innovation. If I want to be surviving in the fierce competition, I must have new products to attract more consumers. PG Company has 8,000 scientists in their research and development team. Pringles is a good example to show them how to create a new brand. They also pay attention on internal and external communication. PG try to have effective collaboration cross the whole company. The company has almost 140,000 employees in more than 80 countries, so efficient and timely communication become very important. There is over 80,000 employees use instant messaging, and 20,000 use Microsoft Outlook. They use these tools to share data. For example, marketers can use the data as new as possible to make proper strategies. Managers are more easily and quickly to correct their decisions by using timely data. By the developing of the technologies, there are some technical tools to help PG to develop their innovation and collaboration. They have Cisco Tele Presence conference rooms at many locations across the world. PG is a worldwide company and they are located in different countries. So, the Cisco Tele Presence technology helps them to communicate each other when group members are across different continents. This is a very excellent way to collaborate and innovate. It is hard to think another way which is better than Cisco Tele Presence technology.  However, if they can add the 3D without glasses technology into the Cisco Tele Presence technology, it will be the most excellent way.

Coal Fires :: Fire Coal Mining Essays

Coal Fires I’ve long been familiar with the concept of coal mines, but a common occurrence I was unfamiliar with previous to this class was the concept of coal mine fires, but it is a huge problem, both economically and environmentally. Perhaps the most infamous American example of a coal mine fire is Centralia, a town in the anthracite region of eastern Pennsylvania. Centralia was like any other coal town until one fateful day in 1962, when a heap of burning trash in a dump that doubled as a mine stripping pit quickly spread to other parts of the mine. After a few months of bureaucratic haggling, the local government finally agreed to drill to suffocate the fire, but it had spread faster than had been anticipated and could not easily be contained. In the next few years, subsequent efforts to quell the fire proved futile while it expanded beyond the confines of the coal mine to other areas underneath people’s residences in the town of Centralia. Because the ground, at places, was literally breathing carbon monoxide into people’s homes, within a few years Centralia became a place unliveable for its residents and, in 1981, the government bought the town out, paying to ship Centralia’s population elsewhere, away from the barren, sinking land and its still-raging fires that had been incited almost 20 years previous. A few remained behind despite the government-paid relocation and they still remain today, but the fire below them still remains also, raging unabated beneath what was once a booming town. (Tietz) The problem of Coal fires is not limited to Centralia, Pennsylvania, however. It is a problem that has caused major difficulties both in other areas of the United States (like Colorado) and also other parts of the world. In Indonesia, for instance, a series of forest fires in 1982 ignited a series of coal fires, 106 of which the government was able to extinguish, leaving 159 that are still raging to this very day. (Amos) A coal fire in Jharia, India, that had already caused the government to relocate the town’s population, destroyed a riverbank, unleashing a rush of water in the underground mines that drowned 78 coal workers. By some estimates, fires that rage in the northern coal belt of China burn something like 200 million tons of coal each year. (Krajick) While the economic cost of this is considerable — over $1 billion spent in the United States alone, despite the fact that the relatively few coal fires it plays host to are still extant — the environmental cost is perhaps even more alarming.

Intel Case

Intel makes the microprocessors that are found in 80 percent of the world’s personal computers. In the early days, Intel microprocessors were known simply by their engineering numbers, such as â€Å"80386† or â€Å"80486. † Intel positioned its chips as the most advanced. The trouble was, as Intel soon learned, numbers can’t be trademarked. Competitors came out with their own â€Å"486† chips, and Intel had no way to distinguish itself from the competition. Worse, Intel’s products were hidden from consumers, buried deep inside PCs. With a hidden, ntrademarked product, Intel had a hard time convincing consumers to pay more for its high-performance products. Intel’s response was a marketing campaign that created history. The company chose a trademarkable name (Pentium) and launched a marketing campaign to build awareness of the Intel brand. The â€Å"Intel Inside† campaign was Intel’s effort to get its name outside of the PC and into the minds of consumers. Intel used an innovative cooperative scheme to extend the reach of its campaign. It would help computer makers who used Intel processors to advertise heir PCs if the makers also included the Intel logo in their ads. Intel also gave computer manufacturers a rebate on Intel processors if they agreed to place an â€Å"Intel Inside† sticker on the outside of their PCs and laptops. Simultaneously with the cooperative ads, Intel began its own ad program to familiarize consumers with the Intel name. The â€Å"Intel Inside† campaign changed Intel’s image from a microprocessor maker to a quality standard-bearer. The ads that included the Intel Inside logo were designed to create confidence in the onsumer’s mind that purchasing a personal computer with an Intel microprocessor was both a safe and technologically sound choice. Between 1990 and 1993, Intel invested over $500 million in advertising and promotional programs designed to build its brand equity. By 1993, Financial World estimated the Intel brand to be worth $17. 8 billion. Intel continues its integrated campaigns to this day. For example, when launching its Centrino mobile platform, Intel began with TV ads that aired in the United States and 11 other countries. These ads include the animated logo and ow familiar five-note brand signature melody. Print, online, and outdoor advertising followed shortly thereafter. Print ads ran in magazines and featured ads that targeted that magazine. For instance, an ad appearing in a sports magazine showed the logo in the center of a tennis racquet with the tagline â€Å"High performance laptop. No strings attached. † Simultaneously, Intel held a â€Å"One Unwired Day† event that took place in major cities such as New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and Seattle. In addition to allowing free trial Wi-Fi access, each city held festival events that included live music, roduct demonstrations, and prize giveaways. The company also set up free access demonstration sites (with wireless Centrino-powered laptops) in areas frequented by road warriors, such as San Francisco’s airport. To boost interest in mobile computing, the company partnered with Zagat Survey to produce a mini-guide inserted into The New Yorker that identified more than 50 â€Å"Wi-Fi Hotspots†Ã¢â‚¬â€mainly restaurants and hotels—in the â€Å"One Unwired Day† cities. Finally, Intel ran online ads on such Web sites as CNET. om and Weather. com. Yahoo! created a Wi-Fi Center Web ite co-sponsored by Intel and featuring Centrino advertising. The â€Å"Unwired† campaign was another Intel success in marketing integration. The $300 million total media effort for the Centrino mobile platform helped generate $2 billion in revenue for Intel during the first nine months of the campaign. Among marketers, Intel won the Innovation award in the Business Superbrands Awards 2003. Going forward, Intel CEO Craig Barrett said the company will aggressively target opportunities outside of its traditional revenue stream in PCs. The company ill be moving beyond â€Å"Intel Inside† to â€Å"Intel Everywhere†Ã¢â‚¬â€Intel chips in every type of digital device possible, from cellphones to flat-panel TVs to portable video players and wireless home networks, even medical diagnostic gear. The company is targeting 10 new product areas for its chips. If the new markets take off, they’ll increase demand for PCs and services, bringing new revenues for Intel’s core products even if its own new products do not succeed in these markets. In 2005, former marketer Paul Otellini will succeed Craig Barrett as CEO and take the helm of this $34 billion company.

Argumentive Essay on Bilingual Education Essay

Abstract In this argumentative essay, the pros and cons of bilingual education in universities are both discussed and how it might affect the professor in dealing with non-English students in his class. Then we take a look at the opposing side on why would university students and professors benefit from bilingual education and what opportunities open up for them in the future. Then in my body paragraphs, I discuss my reasons for why bilingual education doesn’t work. Lack of instructors that are proficient in a second language and why these educational institutions don’t have the funds necessary to bring them over nor have the time to do so. Would you rather have a professor that speaks one or two languages? People may think that knowing two tongues is impressive and important to the students, but it could also bring confusion to the other peers. A student in an English class would feel more comfortable knowing that the instructor’s first language is English. Then by surprise the students find out that the instructor messed up the student’s attention by speaking in Spanish. Students will start to think, â€Å"I thought we were in an English class?† The reason why the instructor spoke in a different language may be that he/she has students from Mexico, the most common language spoken around here is Spanish, or perhaps Spanish is the first language he/she learned. University campuses nationwide always branch out to outsource the professors, but is that a good idea? Should they bring people from other countries to teach in schools and colleges/universities? Professors in a University should not be force d to learn two languages because the professor might have a difficult time understanding a second language and it provides a lack of expert professors. On the opposing side, Professors that work at a University have bilingual students and this presents the opportunity for him to not only learn a new language just for his foreign students but also will benefit the professor as well because he learned a new tongue that will open up other better opportunities for himself. First, having a professor who is bilingual benefits the students to better understand the class so they know what the professor is talking about and in doing so they will be in sync with the other peers of the class.â€Å" Besides that, a student who is exposed to multiple languages will be able to develop a better sense of appreciating various cultures and understanding societies.† For example, if he embraces the Spanish tongue, he will be intrigued by the amazing culture of Mexico and its fascinating history.â€Å" Added to these advantages, the student can easily use his native language in groups and he won’t feel ashamed of it.† The student sh ould not be afraid in using his native tongue in front of his group of friends because the student will never know if they are going to be interested in learning more about it, prompting the student to jump in and help in whatever way he can. In case he is just aware of one language, he may face problems of hesitation in expressing himself. Second, with the instructor’s new found language it will open up other better opportunities for him in his career like teaching a Spanish class, or landing a job in a prestigious university in Mexico. After all, now we’re living in a global world and so being multilingual is always an asset in firms and businesses. Technically and simply speaking, bilingual education is any educational system that favors education in more than one language. According to its proponents, the most important benefit of this system is that a student who is from a non-English speaking background, can easily learn English, owing to his language development in his native language as well as in English. â€Å"And isn’t it good to be proficient in various languages?† What problem does it create if a student is well conversant in English and in his mother tongue? It’s a beautifu l form of education, as minority speakers can learn English even while being able to strengthen their cultural bonds by being proficient in their mother tongue. One of the main reasons for what I believe is the heavy reason for being against bilingual education is, according to a source that I found, â€Å"It can  be difficult to staff bilingual schools with enough teachers that are native speakers of the second language and the upfront cost can be greater than an English only school because all materials have to be purchased in both languages.† For some educational facilities, it is difficult getting enough instructors that know a second language for they’re students. Like for example, here in South Texas there is an enormous amount of Hispanic students so the local schools/colleges/universities have to get enough instructors to take care of the increase in students that speak Spanish or any other tongue. â€Å"One of the problem presented by bilingual education is the quality of the teachers in the schools. It can be difficult to find enough teachers who are properly qualified and skilled in both languages to teach in these settings. For instance, some schools have hired teachers from abroad with solid Spanish skills to come into bilingual schools, but the result has been teachers without English skills at an adequate level.† Sources Used: (â€Å"Bilingual Education Pros and Cons†, n.d., para. 2) (â€Å"What are the advantages and disadvantages of English-only and bilingual education?†, n.d., para. 5) (â€Å"The Disadvantages of a Bilingual Education†, n.d., para. 3)

Why Energy Conservation

Why Energy Conservation Free Online Research Papers Because of the limited amount of nonrenewable energy sources on Earth, it is important to conserve our current supply or to use renewable sources so that our natural resources will be available for future generations. Energy conservation is also important because consumption of nonrenewable sources impacts the environment. Specifically, our use of fossil fuels contributes to air and water pollution. For example, carbon dioxide is produced when oil, coal, and gas combust in power stations, heating systems, and car engines. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere acts as a transparent blanket that contributes to the global warming of the earth, or greenhouse effect. It is possible that this warming trend could significantly alter our weather. Possible impacts include a threat to human health, environmental impacts such as rising sea levels that can damage coastal areas, and major changes in vegetation growth patterns that could cause some plant and animal species to become extinct. Sulfur dioxide is also emitted into the air when coal is burned. The sulfur dioxide reacts with water and oxygen in the clouds to form precipitation known as acid rain. Acid rain can kill fish and trees and damage limestone buildings and statues. You can help solve these global problems. In the U.S., the average familys energy use generates over 11,200 pounds of air pollutants each year. Therefore, every unit (or kilowatt) of electricity conserved reduces the environmental impact of energy use. Renewable energy effectively utilizes natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tides and geothermal heat, which are naturally replenished. Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, and hydroelectricity to biomass and biofuels for transportation. A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-made, re-grown or regenerated on a scale comparative to its consumption. It exists in a fixed amount that is being renewed or is used up faster than it can be made by nature. Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum and natural gas) and nuclear power are non-renewable resources, as they do not naturally re-form at a rate that makes the way we use them sustainable and consumer materials to produce electricity What can we do to help the environment? 1. Plant and protect trees to moderate building temperatures Trees conserve energy by shading, cooling the air through evapo-transpiration and reducing the velocity of wind. Selecting and placing trees to shade adjacent buildings in the summer or protect them from the prevailing winter winds can moderate building temperatures. Choose as large a tree as possible but be sure it can grow to its natural size in the space allotted to it, when properly placed; mature trees can reduce the interior temperature of a building by as much as 20 degrees, reducing summer cooling costs by 25-40%. 2. Reduce the heat island effect: shade paved areas Parking lots and streets are significant sources of heat and pollutants (parked cars emit hydrocarbons that contribute to the formation of ground level ozone), as well as often being unattractive. Trees reduce the amount of heat stored in or reflected from paved surfaces, which can contribute to increased building and car temperatures. Many cities in California have ordinances that require shading of paved area by trees. 3. Shade air conditioners limiting the sun that shines directly on an air conditioner will keep it cooler and running more efficiently. You or your clients utility bill will be reduced. 4. Design lighting carefully Outdoor lighting consumes a large fraction of the electricity used in the United States. Site lighting can be designed to use less energy and minimize light pollution. Operating costs savings can often recover costs of newer more efficient lamps. 5. Choose and maintain equipment for fuel conservation Equipment is most often selected for its speed, cost and ease of use. However, reducing fossil fuel consumption is one of the most important practices the landscape professional can do to protect the environment, while lowering the cost of operation the equipment. Choose the smallest, most efficient equipment required to get the job done: bigger is not always better. Manual labor may make the most economic sense for many landscape operations. You can cut the cost of fuel while protecting local air and water quality. 6. Specify local products suppliers transporting items the least distance reduces fuel consumption and air pollution. Buying local reduces the hidden environmental costs of transporting materials. The way the government can be more involved is by giving us more funding to conservation efforts, and by helping us save energy. Stop using the money on unnecessary things. This is the most important part of everyone life, and without energy how are we going to live. No matter where on Earth you livewhether the crowded streets of Delhi or a sprawling suburb of New York Cityyour lifestyle has an impact on the global environment. Decisions, such as where you reside and how you get around, have repercussions on the planet well beyond your neighborhood. Research Papers on Why Energy ConservationThe Spring and AutumnPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMind TravelCapital Punishment

A Schools Website Makes an Important First Impression

A Schools Website Makes an Important First Impression Before a parent or student physically sets a foot into a school building,  there is an opportunity for  a virtual visit. That virtual visit takes place through a schools website, and the information that is available on this website makes an important first impression. That first impression is an opportunity to highlight the schools best qualities and to show how welcoming the school community is to all stakeholders-parents, students, educators, and community members. Once this positive impression is made, the website can  provide a wide variety of information, from posting an exam schedule to announcing an early dismissal because of inclement weather.  The website can also effectively communicate the schools vision and mission, the qualities, and the offerings to each of these stakeholders. In effect, the school website presents the personality of the school. What Goes on the Website Most school websites have the following basic information: Calendars for school activities, school schedules, and bus schedules;  Policy statements (ex: dress code, Internet use, attendance);School news on individual student achievements or group achievements;Information on the school learning activities including academic requirements, course descriptions, and prerequisite course work;Information on school extra-curricular activities (ex: clubs and athletic program);Links to teacher web pages and also staff and faculty contact information; Some websites may also provide additional information including: Links to organizations or websites outside the school that support the schools academic program (ex: College Board-Khan Academy)Links to software that  contain student data  (Naviance,  Powerschool, Google Classroom)Links to forms (ex: permission slips, course registration, attendance waivers, transcript requests, free and reduced lunch) that can reduce the  costly reproduction of paper copies;Board of Education resources such as contact information for board members, minutes of meetings, agendas, and meeting schedules;District policies, such as those policies on data privacy;Photos of students and faculty;A forum or discussion page for  teachers, administrators, students, and parents to exchange information such as news and calendars of events;Links to school social media accounts (Facebook, Twitter, etc). Information placed on the school website will be available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Therefore, all the information on the school website must be timely and accurate. Dated material should be removed or archived. In real time information will provide stakeholders confidence in the information posted.  Up to date information  is particularly important for teacher websites that list assignments or homework for students and parents to see. Who Has Responsibility for the School Website? Every school website must be a reliable source of information that is communicated clearly and accurately. That task is usually assigned to a schools Information Technology or IT Department. This department is often organized at the district level with each school having a  webmaster for the school website. There are a number of school website design businesses that can provide the basic platform and customize the site according to a schools need. Some of these include Finalsite, BlueFountainMedia,  BigDrop, and SchoolMessenger. Design companies generally provide the initial training and support on maintaining the school website. When an IT Department is not available, some schools ask a faculty or staff member who is particularly technologically savvy, or who works in their computer science department, to  update their websites for them.  Unfortunately, building and maintaining a website is a  large task that can take  several hours a week. In such cases, a more collaborative approach of assigning responsibility for sections of the website might be more manageable. Another approach is to use the website as a part of the school curriculum where students are given the task of developing and maintaining  portions of the website. This  innovative approach benefits both the students who learn to work collaboratively in an authentic and on-going project as well as educators who can become more familiar with the technologies involved. Whatever the process for maintaining the school website, the ultimate responsibility for all content must lie with one  district administrator.   Navigating the School Website Possibly the most important consideration in designing the school website is the navigation. The navigation design of a school website is particularly important because of the number and variety of pages that may be offered to users of all ages, including those who may be unfamiliar with websites entirely. Good navigation  on a school website should include a navigation bar, clearly defined tabs, or labels that clearly differentiate the pages of the website. Parents, educators, students, and community members should be able to travel throughout the entire website regardless of the level of  proficiency with websites.   Particular attention should be given to encouraging parents to use the school website. That encouragement might include training  or demonstrations for parents during school open houses or parent-teacher meeting. Schools could even offer technology training for parents  after school or on special evening activity nights. Whether it is someone 1500 miles away, or a parent living down the road, everyone is afforded the same opportunity to see the schools website online.  Administrators and faculty should see school website as the front door of the school, an opportunity to welcome all virtual visitors and make them feel comfortable in order to make that great first impression. Final Recommendations There are reasons to make the school website as attractive and professional as possible. While a private school may be looking to attract students through a website, both public and private school administrators may be seeking to attract high-quality staff who can drive achievement results. Businesses in the community may want to reference a schools website in order to attract or expand economic interests. Taxpayers in the community may see a well-designed website as a sign that the school system is also well-designed.

Assignment2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment2 - Essay Example It would have been more appropriate if the memo had an introductory paragraph that outlined its purpose. A memo should not start with a main point without a proper introduction. The use of language and choice of words is of critical importance in technical communication. The memo does not consider this. Many of the sentences use words that make it discourteous to the residents (Anderson 34). It is advisable to urge people to abide by certain rules instead of commanding them. Many residents may feel agitated by the threats in the memo and the improper use of language. As highlighted above, each paragraph deserves a proper heading so that communication may be more straight forward. The use of capital letters in an entire sentence is considered as yelling to the residents, and is improper to use in the memo. Although the building manager exercises a form of authority, the communication style used should reflect his respect for the residents. In any case, the residents are the customers and deserve the highest consideration. Therefore, it is unwise to address them in a manner that can be considered rude. It would have been more appropriate for the building manager to highlight the problems and make suggestions of potential solutions. This would have persuaded the residents to follow the rules of tenancy. Notably, the memo should use logos in an effort to convince the residents that they can do more in ensuring a high level of functionality in the plaza. However, the memo used pathos in creating fear in many of the residents, which is not an effectiv e strategy. The memo should leave a room for the tenants to give their suggestions on the new terms of tenancy. It is critical to bear in mind that there are terms and conditions that define the tenancy agreement (49). Therefore, introducing new rules should not be a form of compulsion to the tenants. In addition, it is improper to

Conference paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conference - Research Paper Example The discussion of this paper focuses on the different cultural perspectives and how this influences the personal and social interactions of the students and scientists’ perceptions. Personal interaction is the manner in which individuals interact with each other in a group or a community through communication. The language of people to a great extend determines how an individual interact with each other. There is high power vested on personal relations, with communication playing a vital role in unifying the members of a particular group (Eby & Allen, 2012). Communication plays an important role in ensuring a smooth running of events in a group or community. Language as a form of communication unites the people speaking the common language. Differences in communication and language could be a source of conflict. It is believed that language classifies people into different social and is responsible for people’s ethnicity and social grouping. Social interaction is the way in which two or more people who are mutually oriented interact with each other through acts, actions, or practices (Argyle, 2007). The behaviour of these people affects each of the parties’ subjective experiences or intentions. Parties involved in this form of relationship should be aware of one another and put each other into consideration. Such a relationship requires the parties to behave towards each other, portraying the mutual consent of the existence and presence of the other person. Trust is essential to the success of the social interaction, and secret spying on the other party without their consent is likely to bring issues into the relationship. The behaviour of the parties influences the success of social interaction. According to Nganga & â€Å"University of Wyoming† (2006), people need to be aware of their cultural influences as they relate to one another in the society. Students of different backgrounds and cultures sharing the same learning facilities need to

Is Osama Bin Laden Killing Legal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is Osama Bin Laden Killing Legal - Assignment Example According to international humanitarian law, the killing of Laden seems justifiable as there was armed conflict involved. In addition, as the law indicates, there was intense conflict and the actor was an organized group. Thus, it becomes evident that the killing of Laden is legal according to humanitarian law. Now, when the human rights law is considered, it is pointed out that one can be targeted as far as that person directly participates in hostilities. Thus, planning terrorist attacks from hideout can be considered as direct involvement in terror. However, a look into the international law as evident from the UN Charter reveals that America violated the international law by entering the Pakistan soil without the permission or authorization of the UN Security Council, and even without the knowledge of Pakistan officials. Though Pakistan declared that their sovereignty had not been violated by the US operation, it is evident that it is the embarrassment of being caught red-handed with their malicious motives that made Pakistan respond that way. In fact, Article 2 of the UN Charter declare that all member nations should refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. In addition, America violates international law in the fact that it did not seek the permission of UN Security Council. To illustrate, Article 39, Chapter VII of the UN Charter states that the Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42 to maintain or restore international peace and security.

Poverty and the Welfare State

Poverty and the Welfare State Poverty and the Welfare State. Question 1 Describe critically Murrays analysis of the underclass. How does the population in the USA characterized by his use of this term differ from that in Britain. Question 2 In an essay of no more than 1000 words, outline and critically evaluate the view that the Welfare State tends to create more poverty than it has the ability to solve. your essay must include examples of state policies as well as consider the different ideologies of welfare in Britain Question 1. Murrays articles in the Times magazine in 1989 which outlined his thesis concerning the emergence of an underclass in the UK similar to the one he had already identified in the US has been one of the more controversial texts in social policy recently (Murray, 1989, 1990). Murrays central thesis is that the welfare state through the provision of benefits to unmarried mothers and the cessation of those benefits should these women marry has the effect of removing fatherhood and the influence thereof a father figure from the lives of these children (Murray, 1989). They in turn become dependent upon welfare and so a class of people is formed outside of the norms of wage earning society dependent wholly on the state for support (Murray, 1989). Before we discuss some of the criticisms of this view it is worth noting the peculiarities and differences between Murrays thesis as it relates to the US and the UK. In the first instance Murrays work in the UK is much less racialised than his identification of the population in the US (Murray, 1984). In the case of the US Murrays thesis and identification of the population comprising the majority of the underclass has been that it is a Black population. Murray then identified single black mothers as forming the core of the underclass. While this was a feature certainly still of his analysis of the British underclass it was not as strikingly so as his British version however the later versions of his thesis on the UK underclass also took on these racial overtones, (Murray, 1994). Murray can be criticized on any number of grounds but perhaps some of the most devastating criticisms can be found when we consider research which is actually undertaken on those who constitute the underclass rather than abstract theorizing about the underclass which denotes much of the vague definitions of what the underclass is meant to be (Alcock 1997). In this regard recent work by Edwards and Duncan (1997) for example has demonstrated the degree to which the stereotypes of the composition of the underclass do not match the realities of the lives involved. In their study of single women with children and their uptake of paid work they found that black single mothers living in positively regarded underclass areas (inner city areas of London for example) were more likely to seek work and to regard working themselves as being beneficial for their children (Edwards and Duncan, 1997:33). This was in contrast to single mothers from less predominantly underclass areas that held traditio nal views about rearing their children. These views emphasised the importance of caring for their children through being at home with them rather than outside the home in employment. Consequently the members of this group were much less likely to have work or to seek work or see work as a good. Thus the image of black single mothers creating an underclass through their rejection of a work ethic would seem to be unfounded. Thus even in this small instance fatal flaws in Murrays thesis can be identified, ultimately it can be said that the very vagueness of the definitions of what constitutes the underclass in the literature can it be argued be seen to be reflective of the fact that an identifiable object such as the underclass is impossible to define and serves merely as a critique of welfare arrangements and a moral attack on the nature of those who are marginalized by society. Question 2. With the collapse of communist states across the world in the 1980s a major perceived competitor to the market economy was removed with some like Fukuyama proclaiming it to be the end of history and the triumphant victory of liberalism (Fukuyama, 1992). In the UK as in other European countries of course the welfare state has mediated against the evils of capitalism as set out by Beveridge for some time, serving as Marxists had argued as a bribe of the working class and ensuring the legitimization and continuation of the welfare state (Mishra, 1990). It is not surprising then with all the past attacks on the nature of the welfare state to note that with the end of history there has come a renewed assault on the welfare state in the UK. Criticisms of the welfare state have come from both the left and the right but also crucially from the middle way of social democratic viewpoints. Almost consistent research has demonstrated the failure of the welfare state in reducing relative levels of poverty; in fact the UK today has a divide between rich and poor which is increasing quicker than at any other time in the history of the welfare state (Hills and Stewart, 2005). Thus it has become an almost consistent feature of debate that the welfare state has failed but the reasons given for this failure are completely oppositional. The two most prominent sources of these reasons have been neo-liberalists and social democratic parties. For neo-liberalists the evils of the welfare state far outweigh the evils of the free market so in discussing the view that the welfare state creates poverty it is worth recounting their views on the failings of the welfare state. At the core of many of the arguments thus against the welfare state are notions of desert. Desert is seen as a principle of morals and thus the failings of the welfare state in this respect is a moral failure which in turn leads to the moral turpitude of those the welfare state attempts to help (Lavalette and Pratt, 1997). This moral attack on the poor and the perceived institutions which has lead to their poverty is of course nothing new (Thane, 1992). Since the Poor Law state welfare arrangements have been criticized for the creation of a mentality which is seen to encourage indolence and decrease motivation towards self-sufficiency. The reliance on welfare thus leads to unwillingness to seek work. This in turn has the effect of leading to increased taxation to support those unwilling to work. This then in turn leads to increased difficulties for employers in terms of paying higher salaries to counter higher taxation and so on into a vicious cycle of dependency (Hayek, 1990). Such a trend it is argues lay at the heart of the Oil Crises and the subsequent retrenchment of the welfare state in the UK and elsewhere. Thus for the neo-liberal critique it is the totality of the welfare state which not only fails in reducing poverty but also serves to in fact create more. It does this both in a structural sense by hindering the effective operation of the market but also by creating in those who are recipients of welfare a mentality which causes them to retreat from the fundamental basics of economic life in seeking employment. Thus for neo-liberals measures such as Income Maintenance support schemes serve to create a duality of factors leading to the increase of poverty. Reform of the welfare state for neo-liberalists must be done so that only the bare minimum of services are required for those who are truly in need, such as the young, aged or infirm, (Fitzpatrick, 2001). Amidst these criticisms the welfare state in the UK has undergone revisions also from its social collectivist roots. This may be surprising but we can view this a response to critiques of the welfare state from both left and right and hence theyre emerged consequently an articulation of a Third Way, (Giddens, 1994). This Third Way was to be a radical re-conceptualisation of the basis and functions of the welfare state. As such then it can be seen that New Labour in particular has followed in the footsteps of Thatcher towards reforming the welfare state. But how effective have these reforms been and what is their basis? Perhaps the most potent of these transformations has been in a shift away from the universalism of the early welfare state to a new selectivitist philosophy. Selectivism entails the targeting of benefits through such measures as means-testing and other income threshold schemes so as that ideally those that need it the most benefit from the specified arrangement (Lowe, 2005). If anything their effect on the poorest has been marginal as these people are already in receipt of benefits and the introduction of means tests has had little impacts. Instead a stealth reform of the welfare state has occurred and those who were on the margins, previously covered by the benefit are now excluded on the basis of their income being over thresholds, even if this is just marginal, (Esping-Anderson, 2002). Thus we can argue that this selectivist based reform of the welfare state has worsened life for many by removing the safety net for all that existed previously under a universalist system. What this means in other words is that the Third Way of Labour has in actuality enhanced and widened the gaps between rich and poor and made the effects of poverty worse their reforms in favour of making the welfare state more effective. The pace and scale of the gap and its widening between rich and poor can be considered in this light. Indeed this notion of effectiveness found in much of social policy discourse can often be seen as simply cost-cutting exercises. The effects of which are leading to a situation where it is arguable that we have now seen neo-liberalism by the back door with major consequences for UK policy treatment of both poverty itself and those living in poverty. References Alcock, P. (1997); Understanding Poverty, Palgrave, Basingstoke UK Edwards, R. and Duncan S. (1997); Supporting the Family: Lone Mothers, Paid Work and the Underclass Debate; Critical Social Policy, Vol.7 No. 4 Esping-Anderson, G. (2002); Why We Need a New Welfare State, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK Fitzpatrick, T. (2001); Welfare Theory: An Introduction, Palgrave, Basingstoke UK Fukuyama, F. (1992); The End of History and the Last Man, Penguin, New York US Giddens, A. (1994); Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics, Stanford University Press, California US Hayek, F.A.V. (1990); Economic Freedom, Blackwell, Oxford UK Hills, J. and Stewart, K. (2005); A More Equal Society, Policy Press, Bristol UK Lavalette, M. and Pratt, A. (1997); Social Policy: A Theoretical and Conceptual Introduction, Sage, London UK Lowe, R. (2005); The Welfare State in Britain since 1945, Palgrave, Basingstoke UK Mishra, R. (1990); The Welfare State in Capitalist Society, Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York US Murray, C. (1984); Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950-1980, Basic Books, New York Murray, C. (1989); Underclass; Sunday Times Magazine, 26th November Murray, C. (1990), The Emerging British Underclass, IEA, London UK Murray, C. (1994); Underclass: The Crisis Deepens; The Sunday Times, 29th May Thane, P. (1982); The Foundations of the Welfare State, Longman, London UK

red scare :: essays research papers

The war was over. The last cry of help had been heard and peace was supposedly coming to the United States. But everyone was wrong. An ideological war which prompted mass paranoia known as the Red Scare had spread through the US. It began in 1919 and ended in 1921. Red Scare was the label given to the actions of legislation, the race riots, and the hatred and persecution of "subversives" and conscientious objectors during that period of time. At the heart of the Red Scare was the conscription law of May 18, 1917, which was put during World War I in order for the armed forces to be able to conscript more Americans. This caused many problems in the recollection of soldiers for the war. For one to claim that status, one had to be a member of a "well-recognized" religious organization which forbade their members to participation in war. As a result of such unyielding legislation, 20,000 conscientious objectors were inducted into the armed forces. Out of these 20,000, 16,000 changed their minds when they reached military camps, 1300 went to non-combat units, 1200 gained furloughs to do farm work, and 100 of these, 450 went to prison. However, these numbers are small in comparison with the 170,000 draft dodgers and 2,810,296 men who were inducted into the armed forces. Objectors were targeted in the Red Scare after the war. They were condemned as cowards, pro-German socialists, also they were also accused of spreading propaganda throughout the United States. Many organizations stood up for the rights of the objectors. One was the National Civil Liberties Bureau, which would later be renamed the American Civil Liberties Union. The ACLU gained a reputation for helping people with liberal cases who were too poor to pay for their own representation in court. After the real war ended in 1918, the ideological war, turned against conscientious objectors and other radical minorities such as Wobblies, who were members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and also Socialists. It was thought that the Wobblies and the Socialists were trying to overthrow the United States government. Wobblies, were persecuted against for speaking out against the capitalist system. Most of what they said, was only to attract attention, but it was taken seriously by the government. From the very beginning of the Red Scare, the Wobblies attacked by the government, because they were a symbol of radicalism.

Hydraulic Jack

————————————————- Hydraulic jack Hydraulic jacks are typically used for shop work, rather than as an emergency jack to be carried with the vehicle. Use of jacks not designed for a specific vehicle requires more than the usual care in selecting ground conditions, the jacking point on the vehicle, and to ensure stability when the jack is extended. Hydraulic jacks are often used to liftelevators  in low and medium rise buildings. A hydraulic jack uses a fluid, which is incompressible, that is forced into a cylinder by a pump plunger.Oil is used since it is self lubricating and stable. When the plunger pulls back, it draws oil out of the reservoir through a suction check valve into the pump chamber. When the plunger moves forward, it pushes the oil through a discharge check valve into the cylinder. The suction valve ball is within the chamber and opens with each draw of the p lunger. The discharge valve ball is outside the chamber and opens when the oil is pushed into the cylinder. At this point the suction ball within the chamber is forced shut and oil pressure builds in the cylinder.In a  bottle jack  the piston is vertical and directly supports a bearing pad that contacts the object being lifted. With a single action piston the lift is somewhat less than twice the collapsed height of the jack, making it suitable only for vehicles with a relatively high clearance. For lifting structures such as houses the hydraulic interconnection of multiple vertical jacks through valves enables the even distribution of forces while enabling close control of the lift.In a  floor jack  (aka ‘trolley jack') a horizontal piston pushes on the short end of a  bellcrank, with the long arm providing the vertical motion to a lifting pad, kept horizontal with a horizontal linkage. Floor jacks usually include castors and wheels, allowing compensation for the arc taken by the lifting pad. This mechanism provide a low profile when collapsed, for easy maneuvering underneath the vehicle, while allowing considerable extension.

Flashbulb Memory

Flashbulb memory is a distinctive and vivid memory. They are also long lasting, accurate and detailed. These memories are from personal circumstances surrounding a person’s discovery of shocking events. People remember these memories with clear details of the emotions they were feeling, the place where they were, and what they were doing when they first heard the news. These memories are so vivid that people can even remember irrelevant details, such as, weather or what they were wearing. Even though a flashbulb memory could be from previous years early, people can remember these memories like they just happened yesterday.Although, people remember what events happened on these certain days they can’t remember what they did the day before or possibly the day after. The aspect that makes these memories a lifelong memory is the emotion behind the memory. The emotion felt at the time of the event is what turns the memory from a regular memory in to a flashbulb memory. Emoti onal reactions stimulate the release of hormones that have been shown to enhance the formation of long term memories (Saundra K. Ciccarelli, 2009) In addition, people remember emotional trauma better than they remember every day events.The initial shock or stress caused by these extreme events can cause people’s memory to be misread. It has been suggested by a newsletter titled, Memory Disorder Project (2006), that a person has to require participation of the amygdala to actually have had a flashbulb memory. Amygdala is a brain structure involved in emotional memory, and possibly other brain systems which regulates mood and alertness. Amygdala also can regulate the encoding, storage and retrieval of episodic memory. The amygdala may be vital to the retrieval of memories from emotional public events.There have been horrible events that have been perfect examples to research people’s flashbulb memories. In past decades, events such as assignations of John F. Kennedy, Mar tin Luther King Jr. , and the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger have been used to research flashbulb memories. In more current events, people’s memories of the 9/11 attacks have been studied to find out more information about flashbulb memories. An individual can have flashbulb memories of their personal life experiences too. Examples of these would possibly be the death of a family member, or just the opposite, the birth of a family member.A couple personal flashbulb memories I have are the memories of my son being born, and the moment my sister was diagnosed with a life changing brain malformation. I remember exactly what I was feeling, and even what I was wearing during the instant these events occurred. The psychologist, Colegrove started writing in 1899 described how middle-aged people remembered exactly what they were doing thirty-five years ago, when Abraham Lincoln was shot. In the late 1970’s two people Brown and Kulik, started doing research on flashb ulb memories.Their theories seemed to support the idea of adrenaline effects on memory. In the 1970’s the classic example of â€Å"Where were you when you heard about Kennedy being shot. †. Brown and Kulik introduced the term flashbulb memory, along with the first model of the process in developing flashbulb accounts. They suggested a flashbulb memory cannot occur without a high level of surprise or emotional arousal. The four models they proposed was the photographic model, comprehensive model, emotional-integrative model, and the importance driven emotional reactions model.Even further studies of flashbulb memories led people to look in to their accuracy of the actual events. A psychologist named Neisser argued that flashbulb memories are not as accurate as people think they are. He suggested that flashbulb memories are really like â€Å"life markers†. When a significant event occurs, it becomes part of your life history. â€Å"We know our world is changed fr om that moment on, but that doesn’t mean they are accurate. † (Flashbulb Memory). There have been disagreements debating whether flashbulb memories are accurate enough to be categorized in their own group.One reason over this disagreement is because flashbulb memories fade away over time, which is also how regular memories work. Another reason, flashbulb memories are doubted is that they can be very unstable. Flashbulbs can seem extremely vivid because the memories are often retold over and over again. They are not remembered as vividly without constantly thinking about it. â€Å"Accuracy reduces during the first three months and levels at about twelve months. †(Wikipedia, 2010). Flashbulb memories are sometimes classified as a type of autobiography memory.Autobiography memory is memory used in our everyday life. A memory goes through the first stage, encoding. At this stage, a set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that in formation into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems. The next step is storage, where a person’s brain holds on to information for an amount of time. Finally, the last memory process is retrieving. This step can be difficult, as well as impossible. During retrieval, memories can be distorted.Flashbulb memories can still be distorted like all other memories, but they seem to be more vivid in our minds. Normal everyday memories are entered in to our sensory memory. We perceive information with our senses. Then, information goes from sensory memory to short term memory. This transfer occurs because of selective attention, which is the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input. Information then is processed in to long term memory. These are long lasting memories that can be stored for a long period of time until memory is retrieved.This transfer can only occur through elaborative rehearsal (Saundra K. Ciccarelli, 2009). Three items t hat are thought to have significant affects on flashbulb memories are consequentiality, distinctiveness of an event, and personal involvement and proximity. Consequentiality is the main characteristic for determining flashbulb memories. The consequence of an event is a particular variable in the making and keeping of flashbulb memory. Two models of flashbulb memories state that the consequence of an event determines the intensity of emotional reactions.Distinctiveness of an event has been considered to be a large contribution to the efficiency of flashbulb memories. Flashbulbs memories have been identified as unique and distinctive from everyday memories. It has been documented that people actually involved in the event are going to remember the event better over time. People who had no direct experience will not have a precise flashbulb memory of the event the way people who were involved or in close proximity (Wikipedia, 2010) Even through the controversy of how accurate flashbulb memories are, or how they work, no one can deny the mystery of them.A person in their own curiosity has to wonder how they remember so many details of the day of a impacting event on their life ten years ago, but they can’t remember what they ate the for breakfast yesterday morning. Flashbulb memory is an appropriate name for the phenomena because these memories can be like clear flashes of what really happened during the time when a person heard this information and felt the emotions at that time. Those emotions stimulating the amygdala makes the memory last longer.Through research of people’s reactions and memories of catastrophic public events, we as a society have learned more details about flashbulb memories. Even though, the research started over a century ago, there are many other unclear topics of flashbulb memories. Such as, exactly what types of memory a flashbulb memory is, how it is retrieved, and how is it different from regular everyday memories. As long as memories have consequentiality, distinctiveness, proximity, or involvement, it will be a long lasting memory. Until proved otherwise these memories will be known as flashbulb memories.